Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s Poetry

Pictographs of a neglected motivation; the reflections of the immense shadows which futurity gives occasion to feel qualms about the present; the words which express what they comprehend not; the trumpets which sing to fight, and feel not what they Inspire; the Influence which Is moved not, yet moves. Writers are the unacknowledged lawmakers of the world. † (Percy Abysses Shelley) It appears that despite the fact that Wilfred Owen was not alive until numerous years after this statement that he exemplified this statement about writers and their poetry.Poetry all through the ages has been one scholarly gadget that has neither changed nor fit in with the impulses of society. Verse has been a gadget to describe history, express feeling and realize change; hence artists being operators of progress. Wilfred Owen, a splendid writer was among the individuals who started against war composing in the midst of a nation being taken care of purposeful publicity. Owen pointed out the unforgi ving real factors of war, as opposed to propagating social orders' uninformed fancies that war was courageous and bold. Owen was made plans to enlighten England on the facts of war.By composing verse that prevented England's lessons from claiming respectable fighting, Owen set an exceptional case of presenting subdued truth to general society. Two of his most recognized works, â€Å"Dulcet et Decorum est.† and â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† will be investigations nearby Owens Life to demonstrate the legitimacy of this announcement. The manner by which Wilfred Owen was raised was essential to his amazing verse. He was birthed in the year 1893 in England and was a passionate Christian during his time of childhood. On October 21st 191 5, Owen enrolled into the military and almost a year later was appointed as a second lieutenant.Owen had been naturally introduced to England at a time where war was what men accomplished for experience, it was good, a change room childhood to masculinity some may have called it. What Owen saw was definitely not what was publicized by his nation and felt profoundly sold out and misdirected. Owen endured a progression of horrible mishaps, for example, falling Into a shell-opening and continuing blackout and furthermore passed up a channel mortar that left him Incapacitated on a dike next to the remaining parts of another official. This prompted Owen being determined to have shell stun and post-horrendous pressure disorder.To beat the PATS Owen endured, he was urged by Siegfried Swanson to expound on the repulsions of war. Owen, frequented by his own recollections devoted his composition on the unadulterated physical, good and mental repulsions of war, not to recognize the subject yet to teach and caution those that were full with purposeful publicity impacted convictions. Owen courageously opposed the socio-social setting he was raised in and remained as opposed to the open impression of what war was so as to stop the t ravail of future soldiers.Owens Christian convictions and what he saw during the war loaned to the brightness of one of his sonnets that tried to change society see on war. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth,† gravely examines the demise of a youthful fighter and differentiations an ordinary burial service to the send - off that individuals who passed on battling get. Owen shows his Dallas for the treatment of fighters Immediately through the title. The word Anthem proposes a celebratory tune, corresponding to the words Doomed Youth it is apparent that Owen accepts the passings of amortized by commemoration.Owen structures his sonnet fundamentally the same as a work with measured rhyming; having 14 lines and for the most part maintains the 10 syllable for each line. So as to make impact, Owen sporadically wanders from the 10 syllable line by continuous over at certain focuses and under at others. In mix with the uncommon rhyming plan the sonnet contains, the peruser is determined to edge and caused to feel awkward. Owen fuses language that distinguishes the timespan in which he lived, words, for example, â€Å"orisons,† â€Å"shires,† and â€Å"pallor† are demonstrative of this.A feeling of precariousness is built through Owens utilization of similar sounding word usage and clear style; the lines â€Å"rifles' fast rattle† and â€Å"demented ensembles of howling shells† give the peruser knowledge into the mayhem of war. By starting gradually, Owen has permitted the sonnet to top Just like war, yet starts to end the sonnet with a more slow pace with the line â€Å"And each moderate sunset, a drawing down of blinds,† this being noteworthy to the passing of the warrior and his last pulses. Owen builds pictures of religion and stands out them from portrayals of war and death.Juxtaposing the tolling of ringers with shots and demise, Owen has adequately positioned the peruser in divine fighting. The overall message is that Owen accepted that warriors didn't get a legitimate and deferential entombment. Owen was completely unsatisfied with how the passings of youthful oldie's were praised in broad daylight, as opposed to grieved. â€Å"Dulcet et propriety est. genius patria mort,† it is sweet and fitting to pass on for one's nation, the last line of perhaps the most critical of Owens works. Dulcet et Decorum est.,† aligned itself with hostile to war thinking and advertisers, along these lines getting incredibly well known and compelling on society. â€Å"Dulcet et Decorum est.† portrays the narrative of an English officer whose group was assaulted by the adversary and the trooper watches a kindred veteran bite the dust fiercely. Through Owens innovative virtuoso the peruser of â€Å"Dulcet et Decorum est.† is blew to observe how the officer is unendingly spooky by the demise and barraged by bad dreams. Towards the finish of the sonnet, the warrior questions how his nation can support and advance such hopelessness and anguish.Owen depicts his conviction that his nation should quit underwriting war, he was of the conclusion that nobody ought to ever need to experience the detestations he had seen. Owen advances this thought through the last verse of his sonnet. The storyteller addresses the peruser and discloses to them that had they seen what he had, they would not pass on for their nation in what was called a fair way. To put the peruser into a setting of war, Owen utilizes exceptional symbolism, for example, the line, â€Å"Of abominable, hopeless injuries on honest tongues† and furthermore joins the utilization of analogies, â€Å"as under a green ocean I saw him suffocating. Owen has adequately made a sentiment of distress and apprehension by consolidating strategies, for example, analogy, allegory and very distinctive style. Owen lays the right foundation and portrays the officers as being â€Å"bent twofold, similar to old homeless people under sacks,† this delineates the disappointment Owen had with war. The acclaimed artist features one of society's principle blames: the glorification of war. He does this by joining components of verse in a terrifying way, for example, the blend of moderate lines, trailed by â€Å"Gas! GAS! Snappy young men! By wandering from the structure of the measured rhyming incidentally, Owen puts accentuation on specific lines relating to the bad dreams of the trooper, â€Å"In everything I could ever hope for, before me powerless sight/He plunges at me, guttering, stifling, suffocating. † Owen adds power to his content by Latin expression Dulcet et dignity est. genius patria moor from an old book, Owen has viably demonstrated that society keeps on propagating that war is fair. As an officer and as a writer, Owen had the position to remark on the abominations of war.By utilizing the scholarly gadget of verse, Owen had the option to talk what was not to be spoken and voiced the considerations of fallen trooper. His foundation of against †war thoughts permitted society to break free from the obliges of purposeful publicity and go to the acknowledgment that war was not great, fair nor audacious. Despite the way that world †wide change didn't come about quickly, Owen had the option to set point of reference for different creators and associations. He lit a fire in the profundities of energetic hearts and enlivened other enemy of †war writers such s Mimics Radiation.

Waste Textiles and Development Prospect †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Waste Textiles and Development Prospect. Answer: Presentation: There are two critical imperatives that have been looked in structuring and delivering the material thing. They are the creation cost and the nature of the item. The term creation cost means the cost experienced in assembling or delivering the particular item. Anyway relating to this situation, it is noticed that the creation cost has been restricted to under $50 which absolutely get requirements on bargaining upon the nature of the item. In this way quality turns into another requirement in the dynamic procedure. This is supposing that the creation cost is fixed even before believing the sort of item to be delivered, planning, materials to be utilized, sewing charges and others, it restricts the maker to decide on bargains (Sahni et al., 2010). In any case, the maker should seriously mull over in utilizing the re-cycled materials to be another reasonable alternative to abridge the expense. Nonetheless, reusing or up cycling of the crude materials has been a critical subject of conversation which appealed the world to go gaga over it. There are reasons that can be refered to relating to the part of reusing materials which are as per the following: It is instrumental in the minimization of green house emanations It helps in killing landfill space issues It helps in the protection of vitality It changes the garments to new materials (Ruifang, 2009) Nonetheless, there is another phrasing that harvests up while refering to the explanations behind reusing materials which is the issue of manageability. Maintainability is viewed as a tremendous subject which has been organized I the ongoing ages as it adds to the more beneficial edge of the general public just as preservation of the third planet. Concerning the gracefully chain structure of the material segment, various providers have been followed to engage in a few confused areas, for example, the ecological, social and others (Zhongzhen et al., 2012). Maintainability alluding to reuse materials or modest use unquestionably accompanies an ecological expense. As indicated by the World Wildlife Fund, t is recorded that 1kg build up of cotton is utilized in the creation of a solitary pants. Further this 1 kg cotton is gotten from 8500 liters. Be that as it may, the whole procedure joins the utilization of pesticides, composts alongside water that positively causes to water contamination and undesirable waste in the land. Thinking about the social maintainability, it is seen that the work relating to material industry is frequently misused as they are employed at extremely low wages, work misuse, automatic additional time and others in the creating nations. This is generally happening a direct result of the ongoing seriousness in keeping up the creation cost factor that utilizes modest work and its misuse in this manner offering ascend to infringement of work laws and other legitimate principles (Early, 2011). Commented on ideation page supporting the requirements and thoughts talked about The above photograph shows those gigantic measures of old pieces of clothing end up relating to landfill. Makers and design ventures require considering reusing. Moreover tangling the supportability relating to the overall structure area, it is noticed that reusing or up cycling the material materials is perilous. Hennes Mauritz just as Clemens August Brenninkmeijer race to discuss vitality adequacy concerning their outlets and extended reusing of articles of clothing holders just as their tendency towards normal cotton. The settled truth stays, regardless, that practically 11 million tons of materials ends up making landfill relating to US (Fletcher, 2013). One hindrance for extended material reusing with respect to the various strands that incorporate attire presenting deterrents concerning the parts of reprocessing just as reusing. A couple of materials for instance cotton or cloth may be changed into fertilizer, notwithstanding, oil based strands, for instance, polyester stands negligible opportunities for up cycling (Kaye, 2011). Scarcely any districts recognize materials into their reusing programs. Counting the heaps of array excused through the retailers considering certain imperfections or propositions are the attire which may have neglected to hit the season while the result is an advantage which isn't so adequately recyclable while contrasted with that of aluminum containers, glasses and might be plastic (Shen, 2014). The kid works concerning the social maintainability issues should consistently be displayed as it is a disgrace to see the eventual fate of the globe to drudge so hard day and night just to gain their dinners. Much of the time, they are abused with the goal that they could procure barely any pennies and offer help to their families. It is without a doubt disheartening g to see the youngsters being the most noticeably terrible casualties of these sweatshops utilized by various providers relating to material industry because of global intensity (Norris, 2010). Besides, it is very clear that these kids won't be offered with breakfast just as some other supper on the off chance that they don't work. In any case, forbidding the kid work has been viewed as a necessary communist apparatus however has not been approved adequately. As indicated by Forbes as estimated during 2015, it was recorded that relating to the Child Act of 1986, there was an unexpected minimization comparing to the wage s paid to the youngsters while then again, there was an extension relating to kid work. While directing studies upon the family units, it was additionally noticed that the houses defied all the more sickening and exacerbated circumstances after the boycott concerning kid work (Worstall, 2015). Creation of a least one A3-A4 size design drawing, craftsmen impression type representation and 2 specialized drawings The texture type on the front view is the radiance printed velvet texture type. The back view has polyester texture type. The brilliance velvet texture source is gotten from tufted texture. Besides the velvet texture takes its introduction to the world from silk while cotton may be utilized once in a while. Again actually, polyester texture utilizes engineered polymer which is gotten from unadulterated terephthalic corrosive just as monoethylene glycol (Singer, 2007). So as to think about the velvet texture, the utilization of liner may be started so as to squeeze little wrinkles if that shows up by any means. In any case, it is carefully denied to utilize iron for velvet texture. Additionally, these are the textures that must be put away cautiously yet ought to never be collapsed. With regards to cleaning, little volume of dishwasher may be blended in with water consequently framing a foamy arrangement. A material may be submerged and afterward focused on the velvet texture zone that involves stain. It is recommended to send the velvet texture to any laundry place or clothing (Castellani et al., 2015). Moderate valuing these velvet textures come in reasonable costs and are viewed as adept for upholstery and pad spread materials. Gone are the days that the velvet is so expensive, presently a-days, these texture gives shine and are of minimal effort which goes at standard with the creation cost. The requirements as talked about will be identified with the creation cost just as the nature of the pad spread. It has just been expressed that the fashioner will have the option to utilize just under $ 50 for creation. Despite the fact that there are velvet textures now-a-days that can be followed in the market which come at moderate and modest evaluating, still velvet is such a material, that is constantly related with class, customary worth and its delicateness. Additionally, the creation of legitimate velvet involves high creation cost. In this manner the creation cost positively turns into an imperative in the light that on the off chance that the originator intends to utilize top notch velvet, at that point it will make certified issues. Another factor is the quality that will be undermined because of low creation cost (Fletcher, 2013). Combining new data into the structure for alleviating limitations One such data may be the reuse of the velvet from the old clothing, blinds or different materials. Thusly, it may cut down the costs of the creation cost. In addition, reusing diverse hued materials will unquestionably add a fluctuated intensity to the plan. In any case, the structure that has been chosen is removed from various material parts. In addition, the materials in the structure are utilized in littler measurements along these lines making a differentiating picture that charms the purchaser. Further the quality is likewise not conceivable as the materials are utilized in little measurements and layered structures (Hiller Kozar, 2012). Creation of an arrangement illustrating the administration of assets in completing the assignment Week 1 Week 2-3 Week 3-4 Week 5 Week 6-7 Texture course of action Investigating plan Planning Sewing Item wrapping up Creation of the material thing From the outset, all through week 1, the texture plan was directed which involves in reusing of the old velvet materials. During week 2 to 3, certain plans relating to pad spread and upholstery were investigated and considered while week 3 - 4 contains the development of the genuine structure. After that during week 5, distinctive shaded materials were cut from the old materials in this manner up cycling the crude materials and established for the development of pad spread through cautious sewing. Finally during week 6 to 7, pad was embedded inside the spread while the estimation was taken for the back spread and a zip was sewed (Castellani et al., 2015). Introduction of useful work as photographic shoot a) Yes, the useful nearly resembled with the arrangement and dynamic procedure as the requirements were remembered and worked as needs be. b) Certainly, the subject that has

New Meisters Manuela, Kelly, Florian and Daniel - Focus

New Meisters Manuela, Kelly, Florian and Daniel - Focus Break out the champagne, get balloons, hire a uni-cycling trapeze artist and order a five-tier cake. Why? ‘Cos Meister has reason to celebrate!  Our headcount just surpassed the 50 person mark! Meister is officially an SME! Small to medium enterprise! So what will we do with our newfound superpower? The same thing we do every night, Pinky. Try to take over the world! On a serious note though, we’ve got another four fantastic employees who’ll be utilizing their skills in development, sales and marketing. Say hello to Manuela, Kelly, Florian and Daniel. Manuela Hutter â€" Frontend Developer My Background I grew up in a little town in Salzburg, you might recognize it from The Sound of Musics “Do Re Mi” song scene. My love of writing code started when I was at school. I studied Information and Communication Engineering in Vorarlberg and in Denmark. I then moved to Upper Austria and New Zealand for a Master’s Degree in Digital Media. My work took me to Norway, where I was employed as a C++ developer for Opera Software, but after five years, I decided to do a complete 180 and move back to Austria to become a Montessori teacher. I did that for another five years. After a lot of learning, my focus shifted back to tech. And luckily, I ended up at my number one choice â€" Meister. My Role at Meister I enjoy the challenge of developing something that works technically but also looks good and is useful to our users. As a frontend developer, I’ll work on MindMeister’s UI, which combines development with UI design. I also established a little ‘Mindful Meister’ group which hosts brief meditation sessions twice a day. About Me I absolutely love activities out in nature (hiking, trail running, biking, snowshoeing…). Meditation plays an important role in my life, so does Nonviolent Communication, effective altruism, and yummy vegan food. With whatever I do, I hope to effect positive change in the world. I believe that this can be done in a fun and non-dogmatic way. Kelly Brazell â€" Sales My Background I worked with children for a couple of years prior to getting my start in sales. My experience included: working in the character department at Disneyland (California) where I managed character interactions and entertained guests. After that, I moved to Texas where I worked at a kid’s camp hosting retreats and teaching outdoor education. I also worked as a drug and alcohol prevention educator. I eventually left Texas and moved back to my home state, Washington. This is where I did a bit of soul searching. I decided to start applying for jobs in sales. I have a degree in Communication Studies, and most people with comm’s degrees go into sales. So I thought I’d give it a try. Turns out, I really like sales! I worked for a large US supply company called Staples where I specialized in B2B. I accomplished a lot during my time at Staples and am now excited to move into the world of software!   My Role at Meister I’m based in the Meister Seattle office. I sell both products to businesses. That involves facilitating demos with potential customers where I walk them through all features and product capabilities, perhaps even set them up with a free trial. This gives clients an opportunity to ask questions and see how our products would benefit them as opposed to existing task management processes. About Me I’m just your regular fun-lovin’, silly-havin’, healthy-eatin’, music-video makin’, rock climbin’, dancin’, thrift shoppin’, world travelin, Parks n Rec watchin’, playful, theatrical, young lady! I love to rock climb and belong to a climbing gym here in Seattle. I work and climb. Haha! When I’m not doing those things, I take circus classes, go to improv shows, make music videos in my car, cook healthy food, go hiking, travel the world, dance in my room, go to plays and concerts, and enjoy life!   Florian Goeschl My Background I studied Business at the University of Vienna and then did my Master’s Degree in Controlling and Financial Services. I also completed a couple of courses in International Marketing, but since they were quite theoretical, I studied classic marketing for another year at the Marketing Academy in Vienna. Then, myself and my online marketing lecturer formed a small team and worked in digital marketing. After that, I wanted to shift my focus and work with one company in order to improve my skills, so I joined Meister. My Role at Meister I’ll be doing online marketing, that means: SEO both technically and in terms of content (with the help of the content team), ASO, email, paid social media, CRO (with the growth team) and SEA (Google, Bing Ads).  I see myself as a kind of swiss army knife â€" always trying to manage different things as best as I possibly can.   About Me I love sports and pretty much everything related to sports. The coolest sport I do is Brazilian Jiu, I highly recommend it. It keeps you thinking about strategies and tactics and no matter where you go on the planet, you’re welcome at every single gym. That’s where you meet up with locals (who sometimes even show you around). I also like to do a bit of functional training and running. And finally, I’m a Star Wars fan who loves cooking and eating healthy food.   Daniel Roetzer My Background I grew up in Emmersdorf, Austria. I have always been passionate about technology. That’s why I studied Media Technologies in Ybbs, which satisfied the curiosity I had for programming. It’s also what made me eventually become a web developer. After graduating, my first job was at a company called IT-Center (also in Ybbs). I mainly worked on the Ionic Framework, developing and maintaining iOS and Android apps for the respective stores. My girlfriend wanted to study photography in Vienna, so one thing led to another and here we are… My Role at Meister I joined the MeisterTask team as a front-end developer. Since I’m still new, I work on smaller bug fixes and general UI enhancements. But, my tasks will definitely increase in difficulty as I get more comfortable with the product. About Me I enjoy hanging out with friends, either at BBQs or playing card games. I also paint! Landscapes, similar to those of legend Bob Ross. I love snowboarding in winter and swimming in summer! I also really love animals and am the proud owner of two british shorthair cats, I’ll probably talk about them a lot. Interested in applying at Meister? Good news â€" were hiring! Head over to our careers page and check out our vacancies New Meisters Manuela, Kelly, Florian and Daniel - Focus Break out the champagne, get balloons, hire a uni-cycling trapeze artist and order a five-tier cake. Why? ‘Cos Meister has reason to celebrate!  Our headcount just surpassed the 50 person mark! Meister is officially an SME! Small to medium enterprise! So what will we do with our newfound superpower? The same thing we do every night, Pinky. Try to take over the world! On a serious note though, we’ve got another four fantastic employees who’ll be utilizing their skills in development, sales and marketing. Say hello to Manuela, Kelly, Florian and Daniel. Manuela Hutter â€" Frontend Developer My Background I grew up in a little town in Salzburg, you might recognize it from The Sound of Musics “Do Re Mi” song scene. My love of writing code started when I was at school. I studied Information and Communication Engineering in Vorarlberg and in Denmark. I then moved to Upper Austria and New Zealand for a Master’s Degree in Digital Media. My work took me to Norway, where I was employed as a C++ developer for Opera Software, but after five years, I decided to do a complete 180 and move back to Austria to become a Montessori teacher. I did that for another five years. After a lot of learning, my focus shifted back to tech. And luckily, I ended up at my number one choice â€" Meister. My Role at Meister I enjoy the challenge of developing something that works technically but also looks good and is useful to our users. As a frontend developer, I’ll work on MindMeister’s UI, which combines development with UI design. I also established a little ‘Mindful Meister’ group which hosts brief meditation sessions twice a day. About Me I absolutely love activities out in nature (hiking, trail running, biking, snowshoeing…). Meditation plays an important role in my life, so does Nonviolent Communication, effective altruism, and yummy vegan food. With whatever I do, I hope to effect positive change in the world. I believe that this can be done in a fun and non-dogmatic way. Kelly Brazell â€" Sales My Background I worked with children for a couple of years prior to getting my start in sales. My experience included: working in the character department at Disneyland (California) where I managed character interactions and entertained guests. After that, I moved to Texas where I worked at a kid’s camp hosting retreats and teaching outdoor education. I also worked as a drug and alcohol prevention educator. I eventually left Texas and moved back to my home state, Washington. This is where I did a bit of soul searching. I decided to start applying for jobs in sales. I have a degree in Communication Studies, and most people with comm’s degrees go into sales. So I thought I’d give it a try. Turns out, I really like sales! I worked for a large US supply company called Staples where I specialized in B2B. I accomplished a lot during my time at Staples and am now excited to move into the world of software!   My Role at Meister I’m based in the Meister Seattle office. I sell both products to businesses. That involves facilitating demos with potential customers where I walk them through all features and product capabilities, perhaps even set them up with a free trial. This gives clients an opportunity to ask questions and see how our products would benefit them as opposed to existing task management processes. About Me I’m just your regular fun-lovin’, silly-havin’, healthy-eatin’, music-video makin’, rock climbin’, dancin’, thrift shoppin’, world travelin, Parks n Rec watchin’, playful, theatrical, young lady! I love to rock climb and belong to a climbing gym here in Seattle. I work and climb. Haha! When I’m not doing those things, I take circus classes, go to improv shows, make music videos in my car, cook healthy food, go hiking, travel the world, dance in my room, go to plays and concerts, and enjoy life!   Florian Goeschl My Background I studied Business at the University of Vienna and then did my Master’s Degree in Controlling and Financial Services. I also completed a couple of courses in International Marketing, but since they were quite theoretical, I studied classic marketing for another year at the Marketing Academy in Vienna. Then, myself and my online marketing lecturer formed a small team and worked in digital marketing. After that, I wanted to shift my focus and work with one company in order to improve my skills, so I joined Meister. My Role at Meister I’ll be doing online marketing, that means: SEO both technically and in terms of content (with the help of the content team), ASO, email, paid social media, CRO (with the growth team) and SEA (Google, Bing Ads).  I see myself as a kind of swiss army knife â€" always trying to manage different things as best as I possibly can.   About Me I love sports and pretty much everything related to sports. The coolest sport I do is Brazilian Jiu, I highly recommend it. It keeps you thinking about strategies and tactics and no matter where you go on the planet, you’re welcome at every single gym. That’s where you meet up with locals (who sometimes even show you around). I also like to do a bit of functional training and running. And finally, I’m a Star Wars fan who loves cooking and eating healthy food.   Daniel Roetzer My Background I grew up in Emmersdorf, Austria. I have always been passionate about technology. That’s why I studied Media Technologies in Ybbs, which satisfied the curiosity I had for programming. It’s also what made me eventually become a web developer. After graduating, my first job was at a company called IT-Center (also in Ybbs). I mainly worked on the Ionic Framework, developing and maintaining iOS and Android apps for the respective stores. My girlfriend wanted to study photography in Vienna, so one thing led to another and here we are… My Role at Meister I joined the MeisterTask team as a front-end developer. Since I’m still new, I work on smaller bug fixes and general UI enhancements. But, my tasks will definitely increase in difficulty as I get more comfortable with the product. About Me I enjoy hanging out with friends, either at BBQs or playing card games. I also paint! Landscapes, similar to those of legend Bob Ross. I love snowboarding in winter and swimming in summer! I also really love animals and am the proud owner of two british shorthair cats, I’ll probably talk about them a lot. Interested in applying at Meister? Good news â€" were hiring! Head over to our careers page and check out our vacancies

Examining Socrates in Crito Essay - 1340 Words

Philosophy 25A, Essay 1 Yue Lu, 23903154, Oct 1st Examining Socrates in Crito In the Dialogue Crito, Socrates employs his Elenchus to examine the notion of justice and one’s obligation to justice. In the setting of the dialogue, Socrates has been condemned to die, and Crito comes with both the hopes and the means for Socrates to escape from prison. When Socrates insists that they should examine whether he should escape or not, the central question turns into whether if it is unjust to disobey laws. Socrates’ ultimate answer is that it is unjust; he makes his argument by first showing that it’s wrong to revenge injustice, then arguing that he has made an agreement with the city’s law for its benefits, and finally reasoning that he†¦show more content†¦To this question, first Socrates says that he should not revenge injustice. Because doing injustice is bad in any circumstances (Crito 49b), to return injustice just because of having injustice done onto himself would bad also (Crito 49c). Therefore Socrates should not commit i njustice just to get even with Athens. Injustice is bad because it harms, and disobedience to the law would harm the city (Crito 50b); so it seems that to disobey the law would be an injustice. But why should Socrates obey the law of the city? Socrates reasons that since the city has done him great benefactions, such as giving birth to his life, taking care of his physical upbringing and his education, and granting him long years of benefits from the legal system (Crito 50e - 51c), Socrates owns the state a strong duty of gratitude just as a child would own to his father. One of those duties is to obey the state (like how a child obeys his parents), which always has included the possibility of death such as in times of war (Crito 51b). Socrates should obey the city because he has made an agreement to do so. This agreement is the social contract that he has implicitly accepted and lived under for 70 years. 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And through his passionRead MoreEssay on Socrates Fight for Justice1101 Words   |  5 PagesApology and Crito there is an attempt by Socrates to defend himself in court and defend his choice to receive the death penalty when found guilty. Although he makes very valid and strong arguments throughout one can only wonder why such a wise person would choose death over life. The following essay will analyze three quotes from Apology and Crito, find the correlation between them, and reveal any flaws that may exsist inside these arguments made by Socrates. In Plato’s Apology Socrates explains toRead MoreImmanuel Kant : A Worthwhile Life In Platos Five Dialogues1632 Words   |  7 PagesWhat determines â€Å"a life worth living† has remained a question philosophers have asked since the birth of philosophy. Socrates, a well-known philosopher puts it simply: â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living† (Plato 41). Now, this is wonderful advice if one could only figure out what exactly an â€Å"examined† life would consist of. While Socrates, through Plato’s Five Dialogues, provides a method for examination, it is not very clear what is always right or wrong. Immanuel Kant through his work, GroundworkRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli s Views On Violence And Violent Actions1687 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates and Machiavelli hold vastly different views on violence and violent actions, the former advocates strongly that it is always better to be harmed rather than to harm while the latter argues that viol ence is essential, when used correctly, in order to gain and maintain power. These contrasting views on violence both hold merit, yet the question of which view is more corrupting depends strongly on what corruption is defined as, and thus, which view fits this definition. Socrates is determinedRead MoreSocrates Sense Of Virtue Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pages Socrates’ sense of virtue, as established in Plato’s Apology of Socrates, Crito, and Symposium collectively, revolves around the pursuit of wisdom, knowledge, and justice, all in an effort to benefit the soul rather than the physical body. Given that this oftentimes contradicts standard values of honor and beauty, Socrates is targeted by many of those around him who oppose his ideas and ways of thinking, especially since the youth begin to criticize the elders’ concern for the trappings of honorRead MoreSocrates, Man of Many Colors1125 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Socrates, the Man of Many Colors† The Last Days of Socrates contains a series of dialogues with Socrates in the run- up to his trial, where he is sentenced to death. Plato, the author, was inspired by Socrates. Plato was a student of his and went on to teach many famous people such as Aristotle, who wrote treatises on everything from poetry to biology, and even Alexander the Great. Plato was born into a wealthy family around the last days of the Athenian Empire (427-347 B.C.). Plato was alsoRead MoreThe Individual and the Community963 Words   |  4 Pagesbut in another’s it made Antigone find happiness so the deed would be cleared and would make it ok. A philosopher of Athens named Socrates believed one could only judge him/herself, if he/she knows what is good or bad in their own eyes. â€Å"†¦Crito, why should we care so much about public opinion?† says Socrates in Plato’s ‘Crito’. Socrates compared the individual ‘Crito’ to the state or community. In his eyes all men/women make up a state or community. Life without questioning and examination isn’tRead MoreSocrates: on Life, Death and the Afterlife1419 Words   |  6 PagesBD Socrates’ views of death as represented in â€Å"The Trial and Death of Socrates† are irrevocably tied to his beliefs of what makes life significant. For Socrates, life must be examined through constant questioning and one must hold the goodness of life above all else. Consequently, even in the face of the un-good, or unjust in Socrates’ case as represented in his trial, it would not be correct to do wrong, return wrong or do harm in return for harm done. Therefore, no act should be performed with

Essay about Persuasive Speech Why Be an Organ Donor

Specific Purpose Statement: to persuade General-purpose statement: to persuade my audience to become organ donors and sign up online Central Idea: my central idea are what organ donation is and how it works, arguments against organ donation and refutations, and how to become an organ donor and benefits of organ donation Good evening, everyone I want to start by doing a quick poll, just raise your hand once I asked the question. Has anyone here ever saved a life from ending? If a good portion say, â€Å"you can save even more people by becoming an organ donor.† If not a good portion say â€Å"who here will save someone’s life if it is as easy as writing two word?† You are all in luck. Becoming an organ donor, you are entitled to be able†¦show more content†¦What organ donation is and how it works Most of you probably do not know much about organ donation. Organ donation is the act of giving your organs to an ill patient after your passing. Organs that you can donate are your kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs, skin, bones, bone marrow, and your cornea. Organ Donation doesn’t often happen, but if the patient accept a organ transplant, he or she is put on a list by the United Network for Organ Sharing, or UNOS. The way hospitals decide if you’re a good candidate for an organ transplant is yours and the recipients blood type and tissue type has to match. Of course, the longer the patient has been waiting for an organ is a big factor in choosing who gets which organ. I know this sounds very disturbing, but it does not outweigh the outcome of giving someone another chance in life. Organ donation saves many lives that would otherwise end. For example, Gabriel Clark, a Twelve-year-old boy who received a kidney transplant when he was only two years old. Nine years later, thanks to the organ donor who gave Gabriel a kidney, he is able to have a second chance to have a bright future. You could be one of this people that save a child’s life like Gabriel. Arguments against organ donation and refutations I know that there are many misconception about organ donation such as If you donate your organs, the hospital will not work as hard to save your life. This is false; doctorsShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Outline-Organ Donation886 Words   |  4 PagesPERSUASIVE SPEECH OUTLINE – ORGAN DONATION Topic:  Organ donation Thesis Statement:  Becoming an organ donor after death is not only an important decision for yourself, but it is also an important decision for the life that you may have the power to save. Purpose:  To persuade my audience to consider becoming organ donors after death    Introduction: 1. Organ donation is a selfless way to give back to others, and to be able to make a huge difference by giving another person a second chanceRead MorePersuasive Speech : Donating The Medical Field1273 Words   |  6 PagesPersuasive Speech Paper Donating to the Medical Field Introduction (Attention) Did you all know that most people think the only way to be a part of the medical field is to go to college for many years? That’s just simply not the truth. The most important thing in the hospital is done by people who may or may not have gone to college, may or may not have a job, and they may or may not be sitting next to you right now. The people I am talking about donate parts of themselves to extremely ill patientsRead MorePersuasive Speech : Organ Donation1076 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Persuasive Speech Assignment #2: Organ Donation Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience to become registered organ donors. Thesis: Today I want to persuade my audience to become registered organ donors. Introduction I. To start, by a show of hands, only if you feel comfortable, how many of you are registered organ donors? II. According to organdonor.gov, â€Å"an average of 22 people die each day waiting for transplants that can t take place because of the shortage of donated organs.† Read MoreEssay on Outline for Organ Donation Speech1009 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Name: ashley singer Speech Type: Persuasive Organ Donation Organization Type: Comparative Advantages Pattern Attention Getter Type: Story, Quotation, or Poem Conclusion Type: Summary Goal/Purpose persuade my audience to give the gift of life and become organ donors. Introduction I. I have always decided i wanted to dedicate my organs to others once i have oassed but it was not until January of this year i learned the true value behind organ donation. II. Last January my brotherRead MorePersuasive Speech : Organ Donor1480 Words   |  6 PagesPirrie Persuasive Speech Kaitlin Keenan CRN: 22260261 Topic: Donating Life Audience: Communications 101 peers General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience of the importance of becoming an organ donor to save lives. Thesis: Becoming an organ donor can give severely ill people another chance at living a normal life. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Imagine having a loved one who is in end stage organ failure and has been put on the organ transplantRead MoreOrgan Donor2701 Words   |  11 Pagesgrandparent, parent, spouse or significant other, even your own child, dying because one of their vital organs has quit working. Maybe because of a disease or an accident, maybe for a reason that cannot be explained, without any warning. The only chance of this person surviving is through an organ transplant, but there aren’t any available.    By a show of hands, how many of you are organ donors? I. There are 11 body parts that can be successfully transplanted :             A.    Heart, heart valvesRead MoreFather: Causality and Persuasive Speech8283 Words   |  34 PagesF Derived credibility refers to the credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself. 9. T F Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the start of the speech. 10. T F Terminal credibility is the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech. 11. T F Speakers who explain their expertise on the speech topic are likely to reduce their credibility with the audience. 12. T F A speaker can have high credibility for one audienceRead MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 PagesRelations The claims may all be true, but they are in direct conflict with the claims of other piano manufacturers, and in indirect competition with the claims of a radio or a motor car, each competing for the consumers dollar. What are the true reasons why the purchaser is planning to spend his money on a new car instead of on a new piano? Because he has decided that he wants the commodity called locomotion more than he wants the commodity called music? Not altogether. He buys a car, because it is atRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesa book that can help transform dry and rather remote concepts into practical reality, and lead to lively class discussions, and even debates. In the gentle environment of the classroom, students can hone their analytical skills and also their persuasive skills—not selling products but selling their ideas—and defend them against critical scrutiny. This is great practice for the arena of business to come. NEW TO THIS EDITION In contrast to the early editions, which examined only notable mistakesRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesaccording to a chapter’s learning objectives. †¢ Added new video clips and exercise recommendations in the Instructors Manual. †¢ Enhanced the test bank by adding more application questions. †¢ Revised the PowerPoint slides. A MESSAGE TO STUDENTS: Why Focus on Management Skill Development? Given that a â€Å"skill development† course requires more time and effort than a course using the traditional lecture/discussion format, we are sometimes asked this question by students, especially those who have

The Basseri of Iran the Tent People Free Essays

The Basseri are pastoral nomads that live in Iran and migrate along steppes and mountains throughout the year. The groups they live in are typically divided by independent households referred to as tents. They have a very deliberate political structure and are well organized. We will write a custom essay sample on The Basseri of Iran: the Tent People or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their leaders have to lead somewhat for the people because if the common Basseri do not agree or believe in the chief then they will take their herd to an alternative chief. The Basseri of Iran are a very traditional and focused community, the following pages should give you a small glimpse into their daily lives, their beliefs values and culture. The Basseri culture is made up of individual households which are referred to as tents. Each tent has independent ownership of the property in the tent unit and the livestock. The man is the head of his own tent. For ease they will combine multiple tents and herds the animals together. The Basseri break camp and move completely every three to four days. This is not uncommon to them, it’s their way of life. The women and children typically break down camp and move to the new location and set camp back up while the men herd the animals. Headmen are leaders of a camp that are recognized by the Basseri chief. There can also be what is called a White Beard, which is an informal leader that represents the camp if there is not a Headmen in the camp. These leaders represent each camp in political and administrative ways. Headmen can communicate much more freely with the Basseri chief than a common tribe member. The chief does not give them authority though. (Johnson, 1996) The Basseri chief is over a large centralized political system. He has extreme authority over all the members of the Basseri tribe. The chief is often own as the Khan. The Khan can give orders to anyone in the tribe and they must obey. This is called the omnipotent Khan. The chief status is shown by his urban villas or larger tents. All the members of the tribe acknowledge his authority and treat his immediate family almost as royalty as well. The Basseri faith is Shia Muslims. However, they do not follow the customs and rituals as the other Islamic followers. Their customers and rituals are based more on the life cycles and not religion. They do rituals and celebrate births, death, coming of age, etc. The fast of Ramadan and the feast of Moharram, which are of central importance to the surrounding Muslims, are observed only by a few Basseri. (Johnson, 1996) How to cite The Basseri of Iran: the Tent People, Papers

Why I Want to Be a Sports Agent Research Paper Example

Why I Want to Be a Sports Agent Paper KIN 2510 Career Goals and Internship Assignment While everyone else is screaming about the quarterback who just scrambled for a touchdown on fourth-and-seven, that guy at the end of your row may be pondering a different number a 3 percent agents fee on $20 million in guaranteed money, perhaps. . Money hungry, sneaky, dishonest, unscrupulous. These are words that some athletes would use to describe a sports agent that they’ve had bad dealings with. Even a casual football fan has seen the impact of that scramble in the run-up to the current season. This past summer, universities across the South found themselves embroiled in controversies regarding player agent relationships, and one coach Nick Saban, of national champion University of Alabama angrily compared some agents to pimps. A good agent can help a professional athlete attain financial and mental stability during and after his career. An incompetent or dishonest agent can ruin an athlete’s playing career and threaten his financial security for years afterward. I aspire to be a great sports agent in the field of football with hard work, hands-on experience, dedication, and perserverance. What exactly is a sports agent? A sports agent works to market an athlete or products that are related to that athlete to promote the athletes career within his or her given sport. This means that the sports agent is responsible for meeting with team owners, managers, coaches and other individuals to promote the athlete that they represent. Much of a sports agents day is spent networking, talking with other professionals in the sport and keeping abreast of current trends and information that may affect decisions that the agent recommends to the athlete. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Want to Be a Sports Agent specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Want to Be a Sports Agent specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Want to Be a Sports Agent specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In team and individual sports the agent works to negotiate contracts that are in the best interest of the athlete. This usually means getting a better salary, making provisions for injuries, or taking other options in lieu of salary increases. The sports agent makes recommendations to the athlete as to which option is best for him or her or which options are better over the long-term as opposed to just short-term benefits. A professional athlete can protect himself from the disreputable agents by carefully choosing an agent and working closely with him. In summary, a good agent does more than help a layer convert his athletic skills into financial security. He protects his client’s rights and, as New York Yankee executive Cedric Tallis said, â€Å"keeps the player in a frame of mind where he can perform best for himself and his team†. The education required to become a sports agent includes a four-year college degree in business or a related major. Most earn a degree in either sports administration (not every school offers it), business administration, finance/accounting or law. A bachelors degree is almost required, although a lot of people even stay a few more years and earn a masters degree. The future sports agent may then also follow that with a law degree. Attending school is usually not enough. Aspiring sports agents will also need to intern and again experience working with a sports agency. If nothing is available, a lot of aspiring agents work somewhere in sports until an agency position opens up. The agent must also understand the market his or her professional athlete plays for. You need to understand what other players of your clients caliber are making, keep a close tab on the market and form a strong relationship with the owner and (sometimes) coach of the team. Sports agents need to have excellent communication skills. They must sell a service, which in this case is a professional athlete. They must present outstanding sales skills like persuasion, persistence and dedication. Agents also need to form a tight bond with the athletes they work for. The career path for a sports agent isn’t as easy as it looks. You aren’t instantly a millionaire either. Almost all sports leagues require sports agents to be certified. For instance,  the NFL requires all sports agents to not only have a post graduate degree but a specific certification as well. Certifications can range from paying a small fee and taking a few courses to spending time and gaining experience within the specific league. Needless to say, networking during these 7 or so years of education is key. Since sports agents are high in numbers and generally low in demand, it is necessary to put yourself in position with the right location and with the right people who can get you in where you want to be. The next step in moving your way up the ladder would be to scout some potential or up and coming sports professionals who you can represent. Chances are, if you do et the opportunity to represent an athlete, it will not be a big time professional right off the bat. Which is normal, your reputation is what you make of it, so starting small and following through will ultimately help you in the long run. Your success with one athlete will eventually attract others, and from there your reputation will begin to flourish. After gaining the degree, certification, experience, a nd clientele, it will be some time before you can really prosper. Big time sports agents have often times branched out of their specialized sport industry and gained clientele in other sports leagues after some time. In doing so, sports agents have the ability to represent a larger amount of professionals, and gain experience in a various amount of sports leagues. But be careful, each sports league has different requirements for its sports agents, how they can conduct business and how much they can charge for their services. Getting to know your league, sport, and industry is key. There are several websites listing endless internships. Whether they be paid or not should not matter when starting off. Experience is key. There is an internship opportunity from a law firm looking for a sports intern. I think that that would be a wonderful opportunity because it’s working with a law firm and so you get earlier hands on experience in the legal department than just interning for a sports team. Also, the Oklahoma City Redhawks have a job opening for Vice President in sponsorship sales. This opportunity would not be something that I would be interested in because I know almost little to nothing about baseball and the field in which I’m interested in doesn’t have much to do with selling sponsorships. But nonetheless it is a great opportunity for someone who is interested in that particular area. One particular internship that caught my eye was with USA Football. In Indianapolis, not far from where I live, a membership services intern is needed. There is compensation, and also I believe that it is a great starting internship because of its description. The job duties consist of researching youth football leagues throughout the USA currently in the database, entering additional league information into the internal database, responding to member inquiries received through online help desk as needed, and entering member data for affiliated organizations. It seems like a great way to get hands on in the business world of football. Even though it is for youth football, it is still experience. Sports agency is definitely the area I am most interested in, particularly the football field. With a lot of dedication, perserverence, hands-on knowledge and experience, I believe that I have what it takes to dominate in this field. Internship Sources Internship 1- http://www. sportsagentblog. com/2010/11/03/sports-law-internship/ Internship 2- http://pclbaseball. teamworkonline. com/teamwork/r. cfm? i=35768 Internship 3- http://footballjobs. teamworkonline. com/teamwork/jobs/jobs. cfm/Internships? supcat=321#35320

effects of short term memory essays

effects of short term memory essays People have always wondered why they were able to remember certain things but forget others. After cramming for a test, why do you usually forget all the information over the next few days? When people cram for tests they have a tendency to use Type I rehearsal, which is repetition. Repetition is when you say the same thing over and over again until you memorize it. Type II rehearsal is elaboration. Elaboration is trying to connect what you are learning to something you already know. Elaboration is very effective. An example of Type II rehearsal would be the acronym of HOMES. HOMES could help a person remember the names of the Great Lakes - Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior, by using the first letter of each of the great lakes name. Given the overall importance of Short Term Memory, there could be factors that cause certain people to have a better short term memory than others. An experiment was done by Ronald B. Gillam to see if specific Language Impairment Children had the same memory capacity of average 16 year olds. Gilliam asserted: each participant was tested at a level that was consistent with his or her auditory short term memory span. The study concluded that the specific Language Impairment Children have difficulty either retaining or using phonological codes and tests that require multiple mental operations (Gilliam et al, 1998, p.913). Proper information such as that given by Gillam could suggest that there are many complications concerning memory. Even after studies and experiments have been done, there are too many questions dealing with Short Term Memory; however these experiments and studies help us learn more about Short Term Memory. Short Term Memory is greatly complicated, but there are things to help improve memory. As stated before, you could use mnemonic devices like Homes. Another good way to ensure remembering pieces of information which is to study it long after you think ...

DAVIDSON Surname Meaning and Family History

DAVIDSON Surname Meaning and Family History The Davidson surname most commonly originated as a patronymic name meaning son of David. The given name David comes from Hebrew DAVID, meaning beloved. Davidson may also be an Americanized spelling of the Norwegian or Danish surname Davidsen, or the Swedish Davidsson, both patronymic surnames from the given name David. It may also be an Anglicized version of the Ashkenazi Jewish surname Davidovitch, meaning son of David. Surname Origin: Scottish,  English Alternate Surname Spellings: DAVIDSEN, DAVISSON, DAVISON, DAVESON, DAVIDSSON   Famous People with the DAVIDSON  Surname Arthur Davidson  - one of four founders of the Harley-Davidson Motor Company.Donald Davidson -  American poetSamuel Cleland Davidson  - Irish inventor and engineerJohn Wynn Davidson - Brigadier general in the U.S. Army during the American Civil WarGeorge Davidson - English-born American geodesist,  astronomer, geographer, surveyor and engineer Where is the DAVIDSON  Surname Most Common? The Davidson surname is most commonly found today in Scotland, where it ranks as the most common surname in the nation according to surname distribution from  Forebears. It is also relatively common in Canada (ranks 135th in the country), Australia (147th), England (202nd) and the United States (259th). WorldNames PublicProfiler indicates a slightly different  distribution, with the greatest percentage of individuals named Davidson, found in Australia, followed by New Zealand and then the United Kingdom. The statistics lump the countries of the UK together, however, but at the country level, Davidson is found to be extremely common throughout Scotland, especially in the southern and northern parts of the country. Genealogy Resources for the Surname DAVIDSON Meanings of Common Scottish SurnamesUncover the meaning of your Scottish last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common Scottish surnames. Davidson  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Davidson  family crest or coat of arms for the Davidson surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. The Davidson/Davison/Davisson  Surname  DNA ProjectIndividuals with the Davidson  surname  are invited to participate in this group DNA project in an attempt to learn more about Davidson family origins. The website includes information on the project, the research done to date, and instructions on how to participate. DAVIDSON  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Davidson  ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - DAVIDSON  GenealogyExplore over 3  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Davidson  surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DAVIDSON  Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Davidson  surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - DAVIDSON  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Davidson. GeneaNet - Davidson  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Davidson  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Davidson  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Davidson  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Loans. Variable interest and fixed interest loans Essay

Loans. Variable interest and fixed interest loans - Essay Example There are many reasons why comparable short term loans have various degrees of risk. One of the primary reasons is the existence of variable term loans. A variable interest loan can change in payment on a monthly basis based on the current interest rate in the marketplace. Fixed loans are much different because these loans have a fix payment rate until maturity. A secondary reason why short term loans have different levels of risk is due to credit history of the individual or business entity. People that have excellent credit pay less than people that have bad credit. The reason people with bad credit pay more on short term loans is because they represent a high risk. A third reason why the terms of loans are different in terms of interest and risk is because each financial institution has different earnings expectations. Some banks are willing to earn less than others. 2. Granting credit to a firm or person with bad credit can result in a positive NVP. There are a lot of people that have bad credit that are not at fault. Some people lose their good credit because they co-signed for a friend or family member that defaulted on a loan. The lack of responsibility of the person that defaulted places the person in a tough situation because they are forced to pay a debt that is not theirs. Another reason why banks may earn positive NPV from people with bad credit is because they charge these individuals or business institutions a higher interest rate. 3. The credit score of a person is very influential in the terms of the credit the borrower receives. There are three credit agencies that evaluate the person. The three agencies are Equifax, TransUnion, and Experian. You are correct in your assumption that the amount of credit experience a person has influences the credit score of the individual. The three credit agencies utilize different criteria to evaluate the person. My father recently applied for a loan and he was denied because one of the agencies rated him as a 560. It was strange that another one of the agencies gave him a 716 score. 4. I have always preferred to have a variable interest loan than a fixed interest loan especially in long term loans. The market fluctuates a lot and a variable interest loan can enable a person to negotiate better terms of credit if the market conditions become favorable. Some people on the other hand prefer fixed loans because of the security of knowing the exact amount you have to pay on a monthly basis. When the interest rate goes down it is better to have a flexible interest loan, but when it goes up the fixed payment loan is the best alternative. 5. The types of financial institutions that deal in very short term loans such as 15 to 30 loans have a lot of business because everyone every so often faces an emergency that requires instant cash. People also on many occasions are not able to keep up with the budget and the run out of cash. You need cash for daily food expenses and transportation cost to go to work. Due to the risk involved in these types of loans it is justified for these firms to charge a high interest rate. Also these firms have to charge a high interest rate because they do not enjoy the benefits of compound interest like other banks due to the fact that the debt is settled in a very short term. Banks make a lot of interest money during the first part of a long term loan. Shorter loans generate less interest revenues. 6. It is true that when people are faced with an emergency that requires instant cash they do not care about the terms of the agreement. In our world there are people that take advantage of the necessities of the poor by becoming loan sharks. Loan sharks are people that create an illegal lending operation which charges on my occasions upwards of 10% per week. People borrow money from these loan sharks when they have nowhere else to turn. Short term lending institutions that deal 15 day and 30 day loans are the legal equivalency of a loan shark. They c harge 30% to 50% yearly interest on short term loans. 7. The credit score

Microbiology and biotechnology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Microbiology and biotechnology - Assignment Example This is to produce drug intermediates and produce vaccines or the drugs themselves (Baker, Nicklin and Griffiths, 2011). One application of gene therapy in medicine has been in treatment of type I diabetes. In the treatment, the researchers have used adenovirus as a vector to enable them delivers the gene for hepatocyte growth factor. Another application of gene therapy is in treatment of x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (Baltz, Davies and Demain, 2010). This is a disease common in babies where they lack both T and B cells of the immune system and they are mainly exposed to infections. The applications are through non-viral vectors being tested for the gene therapy uses. The application include receptor on the goal cell, artificial chromosomes and naked DNA that is not linked to another molecule at all and can be directly injected into the cell (Baltz, Davies and Demain, 2010). Crude oil and its products are non-renewable and are considered to one day come to an end. Biofuel has been used as a replacement of crude oil as the source is renewable and produced from biomass. The approach that has been used to eliminate the use of crude oil is on the effects on the environment and the costs of the use (El-Mansi and Bryce, 2007). The approach is that biofuels may be easy to market than crude oil with consideration of performance, infrastructure and other factors. The other reasons for the approach are that biofuels play an important role in climate change and the important increase in production and use (El-Mansi and Bryce, 2007). Biotechnology has resulted to several advantages such as reduction in the costs of agriculture production as those in the sector are able to use fewer pesticides and herbicides in protecting their crops. The improved varieties are also able to increase the yield in a short duration. Increase food production has also been observed through the use of the method. There has also been ability to produce food in even times

Polyisobutylene Applications

Polyisobutylene Applications Fuel and lubricant additive. Polyisobutylene (in the form of polyisobutylene succinimide) has interesting properties when used as an additive in lubricating oils and motor fuels. Polyisobutylene added in small amounts to the lubricating oils used in machining results in a significant reduction in the generation of oil mist and thus reduces the operators inhalation of oil mist.[2] It is also used to clean up waterborne oil spills as part of the commercial product Elastol. When added to crude oil it increases the oils viscoelasticity when pulled, causing the oil to resist breakup when it is vacuumed from the surface of the water. As a fuel additive, polyisobutylene has detergent properties. When added to diesel fuel, it resists fouling of fuel injectors, leading to reduced hydrocarbon and particulate emissions.[3] It is blended with other detergents and additives to make a detergent package that is added to gasoline and diesel fuel to resist buildup of deposits and engine knock.[4] Polyisobutylene is used in some formulations as a thickening agent. [edit]Sporting equipment Butyl rubber is used for the bladders in basketballs, footballs, soccer balls and other inflatable balls to provide a tough, airtight inner compartment. [edit]Roof Repair Butyl rubber sealant is used for rubber roof repair and for maintenance of roof membranes (especially around the edges). It is important to have the roof membrane fixed, as a lot of fixtures (i.e., air conditioner vents, plumbing and other pipes, etc.) can considerably loosen it. Rubber roofing typically refers to a specific type of roofing materials that are made of ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDM). It is crucial to the integrity of such roofs to avoid using harsh abrasive materials and petroleum-based solvents for their maintenance. Polyester fabric laminated to butyl rubber binder provides a single-sided waterproof tape that can be used on metal, PVC, and cement joints. It is ideal for repairing and waterproofing metal roofs. [edit]Gas masks and chemical agent protection Butyl rubber is one of the most robust elastomers when subjected to chemical warfare agents and decontamination materials. It is a harder and less porous material than other elastomers, such as natural rubber or silicone, but still has enough elasticity to form an airtight seal. While butyl rubber will break down when exposed to agents such as NH3 (ammonia) or certain solvents, it breaks down more slowly than comparable elastomers. It is therefore used to create seals in gas masks and other protective clothing. [edit]Chewing gum Molecular structure: Rubber Chemical Structure Introduction to rubber chemical structure: In the organic chemistry section of chemistry ,we learn about the various polymers , monomers,elastomers etc.Monomer is a single unit and when huge number of monomers are combined or say polymerised then polymers are formed.The process of conversion of monomer to polymer is known as p-olymerisation.Elastomer is an another category of polymers having a specific properties of regaining of its structure even if it is stretched.Rubber comes under the category of elastomer.In general life rubber has variety of uses.the important property of rubber is that it regains its structure even if it is stretched.Stretching can be done up to a certain limit.If it is stretched beyond limit then it can break. Rubber can be found in two forms 1)Natural rubber 2)Synthetic Rubber Natural rubber is a kind of rubber which which is found directly from the nature.And when the natural rubber is processed under some chemical processes then a new kind of rubber is formed ,this rubber is known as synthetic rubber.We can also say that natural rubber are synthesised from the natural rubber.Both this rubber are of great use because of its specific features. Structure of rubber: Main composition of crude rubber is hydrocarbons.It also contains some proteins and materials which are soluble in acetone.The hydrocarbons which possess the properties of rubber are usually high in molecular weight and it ranges from 45000 to 3000000.Isoprene is a monomer of natural rubber.When huge number of isoprene units are polymerised then a polymer is formed . Cis and Trans Configuration of Rubber The cis configuration of the natural rubber is the reason for the rubber properties in it. Cis configuration means that extension of the chain is on the same side of the ethylene bond.If the configuration is trans, it means that the extension of chain is on the both sides of ethylene bond,then it is a hard plastic.In case of trans it does not show the properties of rubber. Synthetic rubber is of great use in the industry.Some of the widely used synthetic rubber are butyl rubber which is formed by the copolymerisation of isobutylene and a little amount isoprene.Another synthetic rubber is Styrene Butadiene Rubber also known as SBR.Buna N and buna S is also a kind of synthetic rubber often use in the industry. Vulcanisation of Rubber In the rubber molecules the cross linking between the chains are very less.This leads to the softness in the rubber .To make the rubber hard some chemicals are added to it.The process is known as vulcanisation.In this process the natural rubber is treated with some chemicals ,more often chemical used is sulphur.When sulphur reacts with the natural rubber then it increases the cross linking between the molecules in the rubber.It also forms many sulphide bonds.Due to formation of many new crosslinkings and many sulphide bonds the natural rubber becomes hard.Natural rubber is a kind of thermoplastic,it means that it becomes soft when it is subjected to heat and it becomes hard when it is subjected to cold. butyl rubber (IIR), also called isobutylene-isoprene rubber, a synthetic rubber produced by copolymerizing isobutylene with small amounts of isoprene. Valued for its chemical inertness, impermeability to gases, and weatherability, butyl rubber is employed in the inner linings of automobile tires and in other specialty applications. Both isobutylene (C[CH3]2=CH2) and isoprene (CH2=C[CH3]-CH=CH2) are usually obtained by the thermal cracking of natural gas or of the lighter fractions of crude oil. At normal temperature and pressure isobutylene is a gas and isoprene is a volatile liquid. For processing into IIR, isobutylene, refrigerated to very low temperatures (approximately à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢100  °C [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢150  °F]), is diluted with methyl chloride. Low concentrations (1.5 to 4.5 percent) of isoprene are added in the presence of aluminum chloride, which initiates the reaction in which the two compounds copolymerize (i.e., their single-unit molecules link together to form giant, multiple-unit molecules). The polymer repeating units have the following structures: Because the base polymer, polyisobutylene, is stereoregular (i.e., its pendant groups are arranged in a regular order along the polymer chains) and because the chains crystallize rapidly on stretching, IIR containing only a small amount of isoprene is as strong as natural rubber. In addition, because the copolymer contains few unsaturated groups (represented by the carbon-carbon double bond located in each isoprene repeating unit), IIR is relatively resistant to oxidation-a process by which oxygen in the atmosphere reacts with the double bonds and breaks the polymer chains, thereby degrading the material. Butyl rubber also shows an unusually low rate of molecular motion well above the glass transition temperature (the temperature above which the molecules are no longer frozen in a rigid,glassy state). This lack of motion is reflected in the copolymers unusually low permeability to gases as well as in its outstanding resistance to attack by ozone. The copolymer is recovered from the solvent as a crumb, which can be compounded with fillers and other modifiers and then vulcanized into practical rubber products. Owing to its excellent air retention, butyl rubber is the preferred material for inner tubes in all but the largest sizes. It also plays an important part in the inner liners of tubeless tires. (Because of poor tread durability, all-butyl tires have not proved successful.) IIR is also used for many other automobile components, including window strips, because of its resistance to oxidation. Its resistance to heat has made it indispensable in tire manufacture, where it forms the bladders that retain the steam or hot water used to vulcanize tires. Bromine or chlorine can be added to the small isoprene fraction of IIR to make BIIR or CIIR (known as halobutyls). The properties of these polymers are similar to those of IIR, but they can be cured more rapidly and with different and smaller amounts of curative agents. As a result, BIIR and CIIR can be cocured more readily in contact with other elastomers making up a rubber product. Butyl rubber was first produced by American chemists William Sparks and Robert Thomas at the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (nowExxon Corporation) in 1937. Earlier attempts to produce synthetic rubbers had involved the polymerization of dienes (hydrocarbon molecules containing two carbon-carbon double bonds) such as isoprene and butadiene. Sparks and Thomas defied convention by copolymerizing isobutylene, an olefin (hydrocarbon molecules containing only one carbon-carbon double bond) with small amounts-e.g., less than 2 percent-of isoprene. As a diene, isoprene provided the extra double bond required to cross-link the otherwise inert polymer chains, which were essentially polyisobutylene. Before experimental difficulties were resolved, butyl rubber was called futile butyl, but with improvements it enjoyed wide acceptance for its low permeability to gases and its excellent resistance to oxygen and ozone at normal temperatures. During World War IIthe copolymer was called GR-I, for Government Rubber-Isobutylene. LINKS Related Articles Top of Form Polymers 1. Introduction Prior to the early 1920s, chemists doubted the existence of molecules having molecular weights greater than a few thousand. This limiting view was challenged by Hermann Staudinger, a German chemist with experience in studying natural compounds such as rubber and cellulose. In contrast to the prevailing rationalization of these substances as aggregates of small molecules, Staudinger proposed they were made up of macromolecules composed of 10,000 or more atoms. He formulated a polymeric structure for rubber, based on a repeating isoprene unit (referred to as a monomer). For his contributions to chemistry, Staudinger received the 1953 Nobel Prize. The terms polymer and monomer were derived from the Greek roots poly (many), mono (one) and meros (part). Recognition that polymeric macromolecules make up many important natural materials was followed by the creation of synthetic analogs having a variety of properties. Indeed, applications of these materials as fibers, flexible films, adhesives, resistant paints and tough but light solids have transformed modern society. Some important examples of these substances are discussed in the following sections. art 2. Writing Formulas for Polymeric Macromolecules The repeating structural unit of most simple polymers not only reflects the monomer(s) from which the polymers are constructed, but also provides a concise means for drawing structures to represent these macromolecules. For polyethylene, arguably the simplest polymer, this is demonstrated by the following equation. Here ethylene (ethene) is the monomer, and the corresponding linear polymer is called high-density polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE is composed of macromolecules in which n ranges from 10,000 to 100,000 (molecular weight 2*105 to 3 *106 ). If Y and Z represent moles of monomer and polymer respectively, Z is approximately 10-5 Y. This polymer is called polyethylene rather than polymethylene, (-CH2-)n, because ethylene is a stable compound (methylene is not), and it also serves as the synthetic precursor of the polymer. The two open bonds remaining at the ends of the long chain of carbons (colored magenta) are normally not specified, because the atoms or groups found there depend on the chemical process used for polymerization. The synthetic methods used to prepare this and other polymers will be described later in this chapter. Unlike simpler pure compounds, most polymers are not composed of identical molecules. The HDPE molecules, for example, are all long carbon chains, but the lengths may vary by thousands of monomer units. Because of this, polymer molecular weights are usually given as averages. Two experimentally determined values are common: Mn , the number average molecular weight, is calculated from the mole fraction distribution of different sized molecules in a sample, and Mw , the weight average molecular weight, is calculated from the weight fraction distribution of different sized molecules. These are defined below. Since larger molecules in a sample weigh more than smaller molecules, the weight average Mw is necessarily skewed to higher values, and is always greater than Mn. As the weight dispersion of molecules in a sample narrows, Mw approaches Mn, and in the unlikely case that all the polymer molecules have identical weights (a pure mono-disperse sample), the ratio Mw / Mn becomes unity. The influence of different mass distributions on Mn and Mw may be examined with the aid of a simple mass calculator. To use this device Click Here. Many polymeric materials having chain-like structures similar to polyethylene are known. Polymers formed by a straightforward linking together of monomer units, with no loss or gain of material, are called addition polymers or chain-growth polymers. A listing of some important addition polymers and their monomer precursors is presented in the following table. Some Common Addition Polymers Name(s) Formula Monomer Properties Uses Polyethylene low density (LDPE) -(CH2-CH2)n- ethylene CH2=CH2 soft, waxy solid film wrap, plastic bags Polyethylene high density (HDPE) -(CH2-CH2)n- ethylene CH2=CH2 rigid, translucent solid electrical insulation bottles, toys Polypropylene (PP) different grades -[CH2-CH(CH3)]n- propylene CH2=CHCH3 atactic: soft, elastic solid isotactic: hard, strong solid similar to LDPE carpet, upholstery Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) -(CH2-CHCl)n- vinyl chloride CH2=CHCl strong rigid solid pipes, siding, flooring Poly(vinylidene chloride) (Saran A) -(CH2-CCl2)n- vinylidene chloride CH2=CCl2 dense, high-melting solid seat covers, films Polystyrene (PS) -[CH2-CH(C6H5)]n- styrene CH2=CHC6H5 hard, rigid, clear solid soluble in organic solvents toys, cabinets packaging (foamed) Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, Orlon, Acrilan) -(CH2-CHCN)n- acrylonitrile CH2=CHCN high-melting solid soluble in organic solvents rugs, blankets clothing Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon) -(CF2-CF2)n- tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2 resistant, smooth solid non-stick surfaces electrical insulation Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, Lucite, Plexiglas) -[CH2-C(CH3)CO2CH3]n- methyl methacrylate CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH3 hard, transparent solid lighting covers, signs skylights Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) -(CH2-CHOCOCH3)n- vinyl acetate CH2=CHOCOCH3 soft, sticky solid latex paints, adhesives cis-Polyisoprene natural rubber -[CH2-CH=C(CH3)-CH2]n- isoprene CH2=CH-C(CH3)=CH2 soft, sticky solid requires vulcanization for practical use Polychloroprene (cis + trans) (Neoprene) -[CH2-CH=CCl-CH2]n- chloroprene CH2=CH-CCl=CH2 tough, rubbery solid synthetic rubber oil resistant 3. Properties of Macromolecules A comparison of the properties of polyethylene (both LDPE HDPE) with the natural polymers rubber and cellulose is instructive. As noted above, synthetic HDPE macromolecules have masses ranging from 105 to 106 amu (LDPE molecules are more than a hundred times smaller). Rubber and cellulose molecules have similar mass ranges, but fewer monomer units because of the monomers larger size. The physical properties of these three polymeric substances differ from each other, and of course from their monomers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ HDPE is a rigid translucent solid which softens on heating above 100 ° C, and can be fashioned into various forms including films. It is not as easily stretched and deformed as is LDPE. HDPE is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, although some swelling may occur on immersion in the latter. HDPE is an excellent electrical insulator. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LDPE is a soft translucent solid which deforms badly above 75 ° C. Films made from LDPE stretch easily and are commonly used for wrapping. LDPE is insoluble in water, but softens and swells on exposure to hydrocarbon solvents. Both LDPE and HDPE become brittle at very low temperatures (below -80 ° C). Ethylene, the common monomer for these polymers, is a low boiling (-104 ° C) gas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Natural (latex) rubber is an opaque, soft, easily deformable solid that becomes sticky when heated (above. 60 ° C), and brittle when cooled below -50 ° C. It swells to more than double its size in nonpolar organic solvents like toluene, eventually dissolving, but is impermeable to water. The C5H8 monomer isoprene is a volatile liquid (b.p. 34 ° C). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pure cellulose, in the form of cotton, is a soft flexible fiber, essentially unchanged by variations in temperature ranging from -70 to 80 ° C. Cotton absorbs water readily, but is unaffected by immersion in toluene or most other organic solvents. Cellulose fibers may be bent and twisted, but do not stretch much before breaking. The monomer of cellulose is the C6H12O6aldohexose D-glucose. Glucose is a water soluble solid melting below 150 ° C. To account for the differences noted here we need to consider the nature of the aggregate macromolecular structure, or morphology, of each substance. Because polymer molecules are so large, they generally pack together in a non-uniform fashion, with ordered or crystalline-like regions mixed together with disordered or amorphous domains. In some cases the entire solid may be amorphous, composed entirely of coiled and tangled macromolecular chains. Crystallinity occurs when linear polymer chains are structurally oriented in a uniform three-dimensional matrix. In the diagram on the right, crystalline domains are colored blue. Increased crystallinity is associated with an increase in rigidity, tensile strength and opacity (due to light scattering). Amorphous polymers are usually less rigid, weaker and more easily deformed. They are often transparent. Three factors that influence the degree of crystallinity are: i) Chain length ii) Chain branching iii) Interchain bonding The importance of the first two factors is nicely illustrated by the differences between LDPE and HDPE. As noted earlier, HDPE is composed of very long unbranched hydrocarbon chains. These pack together easily in crystalline domains that alternate with amorphous segments, and the resulting material, while relatively strong and stiff, retains a degree of flexibility. In contrast, LDPE is composed of smaller and more highly branched chains which do not easily adopt crystalline structures. This material is therefore softer, weaker, less dense and more easily deformed than HDPE. As a rule, mechanical properties such as ductility, tensile strength, and hardness rise and eventually level off with increasing chain length. The nature of cellulose supports the above analysis and demonstrates the importance of the third factor (iii). To begin with, cellulose chains easily adopt a stable rod-like conformation. These molecules align themselves side by side into fibers that are stabilized by inter-chain hydrogen bonding between the three hydroxyl groups on each monomer unit. Consequently, crystallinity is high and the cellulose molecules do not move or slip relative to each other. The high concentration of hydroxyl groups also accounts for the facile absorption of water that is characteristic of cotton. Natural rubber is a completely amorphous polymer. Unfortunately, the potentially useful properties of raw latex rubber are limited by temperature dependence; however, these properties can be modified by chemical change. The cis-double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain provide planar segments that stiffen, but do not straighten the chain. If these rigid segments are completely removed by hydrogenation (H2 Pt catalyst), the chains lose all constrainment, and the product is a low melting paraffin-like semisolid of little value. If instead, the chains of rubber molecules are slightly cross-linked by sulfur atoms, a process called vulcanization which was discovered by Charles Goodyear in 1839, the desirable elastomeric properties of rubber are substantially improved. At 2 to 3% crosslinking a useful soft rubber, that no longer suffers stickiness and brittleness problems on heating and cooling, is obtained. At 25 to 35% crosslinking a rigid hard rubber product is formed. The following illust ration shows a cross-linked section of amorphous rubber. By clicking on the diagram it will change to a display of the corresponding stretched section. The more highly-ordered chains in the stretched conformation are entropically unstable and return to their original coiled state when allowed to relax (click a second time). On heating or cooling most polymers undergo thermal transitions that provide insight into their morphology. These are defined as the melt transition, Tm , and the glass transition, Tg . Tm is the temperature at which crystalline domains lose their structure, or melt. As crystallinity increases, so does Tm. Tg is the temperature below which amorphous domains lose the structural mobility of the polymer chains and become rigid glasses. Tg often depends on the history of the sample, particularly previous heat treatment, mechanical manipulation and annealing. It is sometimes interpreted as the temperature above which significant portions of polymer chains are able to slide past each other in response to an applied force. The introduction of relatively large and stiff substituents (such as benzene rings) will interfere with this chain movement, thus increasing Tg (note polystyrene below). The introduction of small molecular compounds called plasticizers into the polymer matrix increases the interchain spacing, allowing chain movement at lower temperatures. with a resulting decrease in Tg. The outgassing of plasticizers used to modify interior plastic components of automobiles produces the new-car smell to which we are accustomed. Tm and Tg values for some common addition polymers are listed below. Note that cellulose has neither a Tm nor a Tg. Polymer LDPE HDPE PP PVC PS PAN PTFE PMMA Rubber Tm ( °C) 110 130 175 180 175 >200 330 180 30 Tg ( °C) _110 _100 _10 80 90 95 _110 105 _70 Rubber is a member of an important group of polymers called elastomers. Elastomers are amorphous polymers that have the ability to stretch and then return to their original shape at temperatures above Tg. This property is important in applications such as gaskets and O-rings, so the development of synthetic elastomers that can function under harsh or demanding conditions remains a practical goal. At temperatures below Tg elastomers become rigid glassy solids and lose all elasticity. A tragic example of this caused the space shuttle Challenger disaster. The heat and chemical resistant O-rings used to seal sections of the solid booster rockets had an unfortunately high Tg near 0  °C. The unexpectedly low temperatures on the morning of the launch were below this Tg, allowing hot rocket gases to escape the seals. Copolymers The synthesis of macromolecules composed of more than one monomeric repeating unit has been explored as a means of controlling the properties of the resulting material. In this respect, it is useful to distinguish several ways in which different monomeric units might be incorporated in a polymeric molecule. The following examples refer to a two component system, in which one monomer is designated A and the other B. Statistical Copolymers Also called random copolymers. Here the monomeric units are distributed randomly, and sometimes unevenly, in the polymer chain: ~ABBAAABAABBBABAABA~. Alternating Copolymers Here the monomeric units are distributed in a regular alternating fashion, with nearly equimolar amounts of each in the chain: ~ABABABABABABABAB~. Block Copolymers Instead of a mixed distribution of monomeric units, a long sequence or block of one monomer is joined to a block of the second monomer: ~AAAAA-BBBBBBB~AAAAAAA~BBB~. Graft Copolymers As the name suggests, side chains of a given monomer are attached to the main chain of the second monomer: ~AAAAAAA(BBBBBBB~)AAAAAAA(BBBB~)AAA~. 1. Addition Copolymerization Most direct copolymerizations of equimolar mixtures of different monomers give statistical copolymers, or if one monomer is much more reactive a nearly homopolymer of that monomer. The copolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate, for example, proceeds differently depending on the mechanism. Radical polymerization gives a statistical copolymer. However, the product of cationic polymerization is largely polystyrene, and anionic polymerization favors formation of poly(methyl methacrylate). In cases where the relative reactivities are different, the copolymer composition can sometimes be controlled by continuous introduction of a biased mixture of monomers into the reaction. Formation of alternating copolymers is favored when the monomers have different polar substituents (e.g. one electron withdrawing and the other electron donating), and both have similar reactivities toward radicals. For example, styrene and acrylonitrile copolymerize in a largely alternating fashion. Some Useful Copolymers Monomer A Monomer B Copolymer Uses H2C=CHCl H2C=CCl2 Saran films fibers H2C=CHC6H5 H2C=C-CH=CH2 SBR styrene butadiene rubber tires H2C=CHCN H2C=C-CH=CH2 Nitrile Rubber adhesives hoses H2C=C(CH3)2 H2C=C-CH=CH2 Butyl Rubber inner tubes F2C=CF(CF3) H2C=CHF Viton gaskets A terpolymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene, called ABS rubber, is used for high-impact containers, pipes and gaskets. For polyisobutylene at a glance, click here! Polyisobutylene is a synthetic rubber, or elastomer. Its special because its the only rubber thats gas impermeable, that is, its the only rubber that can hold air for long periods of time. You may have noticed that balloons will go flat after a few days. This is because they are made of polyisoprene, which is not gas impermeable. Because polyisobutylene will hold air, it is used to make things like the inner liner of tires, and the inner liners of basketballs. Polyisobutylene, sometimes called butyl rubber, and other times PIB, is a vinyl polymer. Its very similar to polyethylene and polypropylene in structure, except that every other carbon is substituted with two methyl groups. It is made from the monomer isobutylene, by cationic vinyl polymerization. And this is that monomer isobutylene: Usually, a small amount of isoprene is added to the isobutylene. The polymerization is carried out at a right frosty -100 oC, or -148 oF for you Americans out there. This is because the reaction is so fast we cant control it unless we freeze it colder than a brass toilet seat in the Yukon. Polyisobutylene was first developed during the early 1940s. At that time, the most widely used rubber was natural rubber, polyisoprene. Polyisoprene was an excellent elastomer, and easy to isolate from the sap of the hevea tree. Huge plantations thrived in Malaysia and grew hevea trees to supply the worlds rubber needs. There was only one slight problem, and that was that Malaysia had just been conquered by the Imperial Japanese Army, and wouldnt you know we just so happened to be fighting the Second World War against them right at that moment. Before the war was over more than sixty million people would be dead. Deprived of natural rubber, the Allied nations did some quick thinking and came up with PIB. It obviously worked, because the Allies won the war. Ok, we didnt actually invent polyisobutylene during the war. It had been invented long before the war by chemists in Germany. Theres irony! But it wasnt very useful until American chemists came up with a way to crosslink it. What they did was to copolymerize isobutylene with a little bit, say, around one percent, isoprene. This is isoprene: When isoprene is polymerized with the isobutylene we get a polymer that looks like this: About one or two out of every hundred repeat units is an isoprene unit, shown in blue. These have double bonds, which means the polymer can be crosslinked byvulcanization just like natural rubber. What is this vulcanization? To find out, click here. Stealing Vulcans Fire There was a time long past when the only rubber we had was natural rubber latex, polyisoprene. Straight out of the tree, natural rubber latex isnt good for much. It gets runny and sticky when it gets warm, and it gets hard and brittle when its cold. Tires made out of it wouldnt be much good unless one lived in some happy land where the temperature was seventy degrees year round. A long time agohow long, you ask? It was about a hundred and sixty years ago, 1839 to be exact. This was before there were any cars to need tires, but the idea of a useable rubber was still attractive. One person trying to make rubber more useful was named Charles Goodyear, a tinkerer and inventor, and by no means a successful one at this point. While goofing around in his kitchen with a piece of fabric coated with a m